Erlang is the unit for measuring the traffic of resources in telecom field.
If the Resources is used for 60 min in 1 busy hour than we can say that the there is 1 erlang traffic in that resources.
So 1 Erlang is the 100% usage of the ressources.
If You are getting 10 Erlang traffic in your node than simply u can say that u have 60 subscriber in that perticular node for last 1 busy hour and each subscriber talked for 10 mins.
If two operator in your company using the phone line for whole hour than u can say u have 2 Erlang traffic for that phone line.
So Erlang shows the demand of the resources.
What is Sun Cheaters?
Direct Sun light sometimes irrites our eyes, Also it is very important to protect our eyes from the UV radiation of the sun light.
The protective way to work in a outdoor condition is to wear a branded sunglasses to protect your eyes.
The lenses of glass can be coloured or darked or polarised.
And these sun glasses were called Sun Cheaters in early 20th century, So Cheaters is a slang in Amarican English language for Glasses.
Using Sun glasses can help you for preventing many dollors to waste in laser eye treatment.
The protective way to work in a outdoor condition is to wear a branded sunglasses to protect your eyes.
The lenses of glass can be coloured or darked or polarised.
And these sun glasses were called Sun Cheaters in early 20th century, So Cheaters is a slang in Amarican English language for Glasses.
Using Sun glasses can help you for preventing many dollors to waste in laser eye treatment.
What is the difference between NIFTY and Sensex
Both the NIFTY and Sensex are the indexs used for showing the advances or decline in the Share Market.
Nifty shows the trend of main companies of National Stock Exchange(NSE), whereas the Sensex is the indecator for the Main companies of Bombay stock Exchange (BSE).
Nifty is less expanding index than Sensex ,So less volatile compare to Sensex .
Nifty is more reliable than Sensex too as it is less prone to momentum of the Market.
Nifty shows the trend of main companies of National Stock Exchange(NSE), whereas the Sensex is the indecator for the Main companies of Bombay stock Exchange (BSE).
Nifty is less expanding index than Sensex ,So less volatile compare to Sensex .
Nifty is more reliable than Sensex too as it is less prone to momentum of the Market.
What is the meaning of GOOGLE?
The Meaning Of Google is not so clear but As it is very much similar to Googol ,Which is a very rare Mathamatical term .
The Mathemetical meaning of Google is 1 followed by 100 zero or we can say 10^100.
Google’s play on the term reflects the company’s mission to organize the immense amount of information available on the web.”
Goooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,ooooooooooGle
is indeed derived from Googol
10000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000.Yes, that is 100 zeros!
The Mathemetical meaning of Google is 1 followed by 100 zero or we can say 10^100.
Google’s play on the term reflects the company’s mission to organize the immense amount of information available on the web.”
Goooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,oooooooooo,ooooooooooGle
is indeed derived from Googol
10000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000,0000000000.Yes, that is 100 zeros!
Who decides the Gender?
If you are thinking that as your Wife gives birth to your child she decides the gender of your child as a girl or boy, Then you are underestimating your self and your whole Gender.
As Its a proven fact that A Man has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome,while a Woman has two X chromosomes, The Gender of the child Depends on the Man's which chromosome combines while Woman's one of the same two X chromosomes.
So ,Its completely depends on Mans chromosomes which pairs with Woman's chromosome,
For example if Mans X chromosome takes part in the formation of the new child than the pair becomes XX which makes child a girl and if Y takes part in the process than the pair becomes XY which makes child a boy.
As Its a proven fact that A Man has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome,while a Woman has two X chromosomes, The Gender of the child Depends on the Man's which chromosome combines while Woman's one of the same two X chromosomes.
So ,Its completely depends on Mans chromosomes which pairs with Woman's chromosome,
For example if Mans X chromosome takes part in the formation of the new child than the pair becomes XX which makes child a girl and if Y takes part in the process than the pair becomes XY which makes child a boy.
Out of blogging for TWO Days
As u all know i m posting answers of the questions that all my friends keep asking me, i m finding it very good to share my thoughts.
As i m going for vacatoin i m afraid that i cant post new answers for next two days.
So see u friends after 2 days.
Seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeya................
As i m going for vacatoin i m afraid that i cant post new answers for next two days.
So see u friends after 2 days.
Seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeya................
What is a DWI?
DWI (Driving While Intoxicated or Driving While Impaired), DUI (Driving Under the Influence), OVI (Operating a Vehicle Under the Influence), OVWI (Operating a Vessel While Intoxicated), OUIL (Operating Under the Influence Liquor), OUI (Operating Under the Influence), APC (Actual Physical Control), DWAI (Driving While Ability Impaired), BWI (Boating While Intoxicated) and OWI (Operating While Intoxicated) are all different definitions of drunk driving charges in the United States. For example, Texas, New York, New Jersey and North Carolina laws refer to drunk driving as Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), while Florida and California laws refer to drunk driving as Driving Under the Influence (DUI).
All states have adopted drunk driving laws setting the standard for drunk driving or legal intoxication at a BAC (Blood Alcohol Content) level of .08 or higher. Some states will charge you with being impaired even if your BAC level is less then .08. New York will charge you with DWAI if your BAC level is between .05 and .07. Most states have Zero Tolerance Laws for drivers under the age of 21.
Special thanks to www.dwi.com for these useful information.DWI Lawyer
DWI (Driving While Intoxicated) is a serious charge and if you have been arrested for driving while intoxicated you should seek legal help immediately from DWI Lawyer.
Each year, states enact tougher DWI laws and more severe penalties for suspected drunk driving. You could lose your driver's license, be placed in jail and fined substantial fees. Your auto insurance rates may rise and you could end up with a criminal arrest record that could impact your future and your employment opportunities.thats why u need DWI Lawyer.
Are u Insured?
The first thing that comes in the mind of a person when talking about a happy future life is how much the person insured against the e regularity of the life.
If you are traveling abroad international health insurance plan is the thing that can help you to tackle any accident.
While choosing the international health insurance plan one has to keep in mind several things like the period of the insurance ,the premium and the terms of the insurance.
You can also look for hassle free E health insurance which does not required too many formalities and can be obtain in no time, also it is easier to maintain and track the premium cycle with the e health insurance.
While going abroad or even in your home country the most valuable thing you are keeping at home is home itself, for the piece of mind while traveling you should also avail low cost home insurance. Any big insurance company can be approached for a low cost home insurance.
If you are traveling abroad international health insurance plan is the thing that can help you to tackle any accident.
While choosing the international health insurance plan one has to keep in mind several things like the period of the insurance ,the premium and the terms of the insurance.
You can also look for hassle free E health insurance which does not required too many formalities and can be obtain in no time, also it is easier to maintain and track the premium cycle with the e health insurance.
While going abroad or even in your home country the most valuable thing you are keeping at home is home itself, for the piece of mind while traveling you should also avail low cost home insurance. Any big insurance company can be approached for a low cost home insurance.
Highest Paying mesothelioma Keywords
Yes , These are the highest paying words for mesothelioma today.
lung mesothelioma
mesothelioma
peritoneal mesothelioma
malignant mesothelioma
pleural mesothelioma
mesothelioma doctors
mesothelioma lawsuits
mesothelioma settlement
mesothelioma lawsuit
mesothelioma litigation
mesothelioma asbestos exposure
asbestos
asbestos lung
asbestos lawsuit
asbestos exposure
asbestos settlement
asbestos litigation
lung mesothelioma
mesothelioma
peritoneal mesothelioma
malignant mesothelioma
pleural mesothelioma
mesothelioma doctors
mesothelioma lawsuits
mesothelioma settlement
mesothelioma lawsuit
mesothelioma litigation
mesothelioma asbestos exposure
asbestos
asbestos lung
asbestos lawsuit
asbestos exposure
asbestos settlement
asbestos litigation
Adsense Facts
If you are a blogger and want to monetize your hobby of Blogging as what i am doing the best way is to use ADSENSE.
As google is a reputed company which provides best rates of the market and better protection to both publisher and advertiser as well,There are certain rules that Google follows rigidly.
Adsense never allows publisher to click their own ads and can easily find if someone is doing so ,So keep away from these practice if you really want a good long relation with google.
Another thing that every New blogger wants to know to get the adsense approval is that make your blog from blogger.com to get 80% chances of approval.
As google is a reputed company which provides best rates of the market and better protection to both publisher and advertiser as well,There are certain rules that Google follows rigidly.
Adsense never allows publisher to click their own ads and can easily find if someone is doing so ,So keep away from these practice if you really want a good long relation with google.
Another thing that every New blogger wants to know to get the adsense approval is that make your blog from blogger.com to get 80% chances of approval.
what is mesothelioma peritoneum ?
Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare aggressive tumor of the peritoneum which is called mesothelioma peritoneum , regarded as a universally fatal disease.
It is poorly described and the knowledge of its natural history is very limited. Occupational and environmental asbestos exposure still remains a public health problem around the world and forasbestos lung mesothelioma. The incidence has increased in the past 2 decades. Only 20% to 33% of all mesotheliomas arise from the peritoneum itself; the pleura is the most common site of origin.
The clinical and radiologic presentation of mesotheliomas is nonspecific which is largly called mesothelioma peritoneum . History can be very elusive because the most frequent symptom at presentation is abdominal pain. Routine laboratory tests are not useful in making the diagnosis, and abdominal radiographs will show signs such as abdominal distension.which is mesothelioma peritoneum
Also asbestos lung mesothelioma is the another danger which is due to the exposure of asbestos.
It is poorly described and the knowledge of its natural history is very limited. Occupational and environmental asbestos exposure still remains a public health problem around the world and forasbestos lung mesothelioma. The incidence has increased in the past 2 decades. Only 20% to 33% of all mesotheliomas arise from the peritoneum itself; the pleura is the most common site of origin.
The clinical and radiologic presentation of mesotheliomas is nonspecific which is largly called mesothelioma peritoneum . History can be very elusive because the most frequent symptom at presentation is abdominal pain. Routine laboratory tests are not useful in making the diagnosis, and abdominal radiographs will show signs such as abdominal distension.which is mesothelioma peritoneum
Also asbestos lung mesothelioma is the another danger which is due to the exposure of asbestos.
How to compare Car insurance Quotes
The Insurance it seft suggest the the safety of something and while it comes to your dearest car than its very important to find the right Car insurance quotes.
Car insurance quotes or auto insurance quotes are as important as to buy the actual one.
There are certain websites which provides the best insurance quotes and also compare auto insurance. Also when you are investing the large amount of the your hard earned money it is important to compare auto insurance.
So next time when you choose insurance dont forget to get the best Car insurance Quotes.
Car insurance quotes or auto insurance quotes are as important as to buy the actual one.
There are certain websites which provides the best insurance quotes and also compare auto insurance. Also when you are investing the large amount of the your hard earned money it is important to compare auto insurance.
So next time when you choose insurance dont forget to get the best Car insurance Quotes.
What is hammer in stock Trading Language?
Hammer is a powerful pattern shown by stock trading software like amibroker.
It is generally used for popular stock quotes.
Most of the stock trading systems look for such patterns for detecting the invertion in the momentum of the financing equity.
Such words like hammer or doji are generally found in any stock exchange news.
It is generally used for popular stock quotes.
Most of the stock trading systems look for such patterns for detecting the invertion in the momentum of the financing equity.
Such words like hammer or doji are generally found in any stock exchange news.
What is Nibble
Nibble is a mathamatical word for Base 4.
As Decimal is used for base 10 which contains no. from 0 to 9. and binary is for base 2 (which uses 0 and 1).
Nibble contains 0 to 3 (Base 4)
Nibble is not as popular as Decimal and binary
As Decimal is used for base 10 which contains no. from 0 to 9. and binary is for base 2 (which uses 0 and 1).
Nibble contains 0 to 3 (Base 4)
Nibble is not as popular as Decimal and binary
What is MPLS in Telecom?
MPLS is Multiprotocol Label Switching
It is the technique that combines link-layer switching with network-layer routing to create fast and scalable networking and fast switching by applying label switching to large-scale networks.
MPLS is used for faster communication on IP/ATM network.
It is the technique that combines link-layer switching with network-layer routing to create fast and scalable networking and fast switching by applying label switching to large-scale networks.
MPLS is used for faster communication on IP/ATM network.
What is Bermuda Triangle?
the bermuda triangle is also famous as Devils triangle.
Is is in Western side of the North Atlentic Ocean.
It contains the mystries of disappeared Aircraft and vessels.
Many connects the mystries of BT to extraterrestrial forces and some to the physic laws,
some thinks about paranormal activies.
As it is observed that the rate of accidents occured in he triangle is same as it has occured anywhere in the sea,People find it very interesting the Bermuda Triangle is containing with it.
Is is in Western side of the North Atlentic Ocean.
It contains the mystries of disappeared Aircraft and vessels.
Many connects the mystries of BT to extraterrestrial forces and some to the physic laws,
some thinks about paranormal activies.
As it is observed that the rate of accidents occured in he triangle is same as it has occured anywhere in the sea,People find it very interesting the Bermuda Triangle is containing with it.
what is Mobile portability?
Mobile portability is a new concpt for indian telecom industry ,but is widely used in the developed countries like USA and Europe.
Mobile portability allowes the mobile user to switch its operator without changing thwir mobile number.
Mobile portability provides end users ease of choosing the right operator and also promotes healthy compatition among the operators.
Mobile portability allowes the mobile user to switch its operator without changing thwir mobile number.
Mobile portability provides end users ease of choosing the right operator and also promotes healthy compatition among the operators.
what is DOJI in Stock market?
Stock market follows different methodologies.
Some analysts use different chart patterns to determine the next move of the market.
Candlestick pattern is one of the methods used by inverstors or traders to determine th next moov.
Candlestick pattern is a Japanise method .
Some basic patterns of Candlesticks are.
Hammer
Hangingman
engufing
cloud
and Doji.
Doji occurs when the stock move higher and lower through out the day,
But at last settles at the openning price so both the starting and end price for the day are same.
Doji is a powerful pattern which suggests reversal in the momentom.
Some analysts use different chart patterns to determine the next move of the market.
Candlestick pattern is one of the methods used by inverstors or traders to determine th next moov.
Candlestick pattern is a Japanise method .
Some basic patterns of Candlesticks are.
Hammer
Hangingman
engufing
cloud
and Doji.
Doji occurs when the stock move higher and lower through out the day,
But at last settles at the openning price so both the starting and end price for the day are same.
Doji is a powerful pattern which suggests reversal in the momentom.
Why my pc hangs ?
10 reasons why PCs crash U must Know
Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?
1 Hardware conflict
The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.
If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.
Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).
When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.
2 Bad Ram
Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.
One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.
Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.
3 BIOS settings
Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).
4 Hard disk drives
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter
This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).
Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.
Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.
5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors
Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings
Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.
If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager
Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.
If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.
The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics
Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).
Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.
6 Viruses
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.
A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.
An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).
7 Printers
The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.
Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.
If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.
8 Software
A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.
The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.
Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org
Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.
Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.
Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.
Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.
9 Overheating
Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.
One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.
10 Power supply problems
With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.
If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.
It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.
Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?
1 Hardware conflict
The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.
If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.
Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).
When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.
2 Bad Ram
Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.
One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.
Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.
3 BIOS settings
Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).
4 Hard disk drives
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter
This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).
Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.
Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.
5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors
Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings
Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.
If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager
Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.
If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.
The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics
Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).
Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.
6 Viruses
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.
A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.
An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).
7 Printers
The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.
Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.
If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.
8 Software
A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.
The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.
Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org
Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.
Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.
Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.
Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.
9 Overheating
Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.
One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.
10 Power supply problems
With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.
If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.
It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.
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